What causes osteoporosis?

Bone is constantly renewed. Risk rises when the body removes bone faster than it replaces it. Ageing, hormonal changes, low vitamin D or calcium intake, limited weight-bearing activity, smoking, heavy alcohol use, and a low body weight can contribute. Some long-term medicines and conditions that affect digestion, hormones, kidneys, or mobility can also matter.

There may be no warning symptom before a fracture. A hip fracture, stress fracture, or vertebral compression fracture can reveal weakened bone, while a vitamin D deficiency may be one contributing factor rather than the only explanation.

A clinician will review fractures, family history, menstrual or hormonal history, diet, activity, medicines, and other conditions. A bone density scan can help measure bone mineral strength. Blood tests may look for contributors such as vitamin D deficiency when appropriate.

Do not stop a prescribed medicine because you are worried about bone health. Ask whether the dose, alternative treatment, nutrition, strength exercise, or fall prevention needs review. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation should match your individual needs.

Seek prompt care after a minor injury that causes severe pain, difficulty walking, or sudden back pain. Arrange an assessment for repeated fractures, unexplained height loss, or risk factors combined with new bone or back symptoms.

Ask which risk factors apply to you, whether a bone density scan or blood tests are useful, and how medicines or diet affect your bones. Discuss a realistic exercise and fall-prevention plan.