How is hepatitis A spread?

Hepatitis A spreads by the faecal-oral route when contaminated material is swallowed, often through hands, food, water, or close contact. It is not spread in the same way as infections that travel mainly through the air.

After stool containing the virus contaminates hands, surfaces, food, or water, the virus can reach another person’s mouth. Poor hand hygiene and shared household or care settings can make this route easier. Sexual activity involving stool exposure can also pass the virus.

People may be contagious before they recognise symptoms. Hepatitis A can cause feeling generally unwell, nausea, loss of appetite, and dark urine; these symptoms are clues for assessment, not proof of transmission or diagnosis.

Wash hands with soap and water after toilet use, diaper changes, and before food handling. Do not prepare food for others while unwell until a clinician advises it is appropriate. Clean shared bathroom surfaces and ask about vaccination for eligible household or close contacts.

Seek prompt advice after a confirmed household exposure, especially if vaccination status is uncertain. Medical review is also needed for jaundice, very dark urine, ongoing vomiting, dehydration, confusion, or rapidly worsening weakness. A liver function test may be considered during assessment.

Ask how long precautions should continue, whether contacts need vaccination or testing, and how to recognise illness that needs same-day care.