How hepatitis A is transmitted

The virus leaves an infected person in stool. Transmission can occur when handwashing is incomplete after toilet use or changing a nappy, allowing contamination of food, surfaces, or another person’s mouth. Contaminated food or water can also spread infection. Close sexual contact involving exposure to stool can carry risk. A person may spread the virus before realising they are ill, and symptoms may be absent or mild. Hepatitis A is not spread through ordinary casual contact such as sitting beside someone.

Wash hands with soap and water after toilet use and before eating or preparing food. Do not prepare food for other people if infection is suspected or confirmed until a clinician says it is appropriate. Clean frequently touched bathroom surfaces and avoid sharing food, drinks, or utensils during illness. Tell a healthcare professional promptly about close household or sexual contacts because vaccination or another preventive measure may be considered after exposure.

Seek medical advice after a known exposure or if nausea, poor appetite, dark urine, yellowing, or feeling generally unwell develops. Seek urgent help for confusion, severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, dehydration, or rapidly worsening jaundice. People with liver disease, pregnancy, or reduced immunity should contact a clinician promptly after exposure.

Ask when a contact should receive hepatitis A vaccination, how long to use extra hygiene precautions, whether testing is useful, and when work, school, sex, or food preparation can safely resume.