Cone biopsy procedure steps

A cone biopsy, also called cervical conisation, may be recommended when screening or a [Colposcopy](/treatments/diagnostics-and-imaging/colposcopy/) suggests cervical cell changes that need a larger or deeper sample. It can help diagnose or treat high-grade [Cervical Dysplasia](/conditions/cervical-dysplasia/) and can show whether abnormal tissue has clear edges or features needing further care. It does not mean that cancer is confirmed.

You usually receive instructions about eating, medicines and arranging transport beforehand. In theatre or a procedure room, the cervix is reached through the vagina. Local or general anaesthesia may be used, depending on the setting and your circumstances. The surgeon removes the cone-shaped sample, controls bleeding with stitches, heat treatment or a dressing, and sends the tissue to a laboratory. You are observed while the anaesthetic wears off and receive instructions about bleeding, bathing, sex and exercise.

The result helps guide follow-up. If abnormal cells extend to an edge, further monitoring or treatment may be discussed. A [Loop Excision of the Cervix](/treatments/gynaecological-surgery/loop-excision-of-the-cervix/) is another procedure that may be considered in some situations. [Cone Biopsy](/treatments/gynaecological-surgery/cone-biopsy/) provides more detail about the treatment itself.

Contact the treating team urgently for bleeding that soaks through protection quickly, large clots, severe pain, fever, offensive discharge, faintness or difficulty passing urine. Avoid strenuous activity and vaginal penetration until your clinician says healing is sufficient. Tell the team if you may be pregnant or hope to become pregnant, because cervical treatment can affect pregnancy planning.

Ask why a cone biopsy is recommended, which anaesthetic is planned, when the result is expected, how much tissue may be removed, and what follow-up is needed. Ask when you can return to work, exercise and sex, and how the procedure may affect a future pregnancy.