Total knee replacement: what to know

The surgeon removes damaged joint surfaces from the thighbone and shinbone and places shaped components, with a smooth bearing between them. The kneecap may also be resurfaced when appropriate. Materials can include cobalt-chrome alloy, titanium, and highly cross-linked polyethylene; bone cement may secure selected components. Computer navigation can help the surgical team plan and check alignment, but suitability depends on the individual case.

The aim is to reduce pain from joint-surface damage and improve useful movement. Knee osteoarthritis is a common reason for considering the operation, especially when symptoms interfere with sleep, walking, work, or stairs.

Tell the team about medicines, allergies, previous operations, dental problems, and other health conditions. Prepare a safe route through the home, remove loose rugs, and arrange help with shopping and bathing. After surgery, use the walking aid and exercises exactly as taught. Progress may be measured by swelling, knee bend, straightening, strength, and confidence rather than by one target day.

Call the care team for worsening wound redness, drainage, fever, increasing pain, or a knee that suddenly becomes much less mobile. Seek urgent help for severe breathlessness, chest pain, fainting, or a painful swollen calf. A sudden fall or inability to put weight through the leg also deserves prompt assessment.

Which implant components are planned, and how are they fixed? Will my kneecap be resurfaced? How will navigation affect the procedure? What should I do if my knee pain or stair difficulty changes before surgery?