What should you know about what causes a stye?

The eyelid contains tiny glands that help keep the eye surface moist. Debris, oil, or skin flakes can obstruct an opening, allowing irritation and inflammation to build around the follicle or gland. Bacteria that normally live on the skin can also contribute when the area is rubbed or contaminated. This process produces a tender red lump, sometimes with a small point of fluid.

Repeated styes may be associated with ongoing eyelid-margin irritation, oily skin, blepharitis, or rubbing the eyes. Makeup residue and shared towels can transfer germs, but a stye is not proof that someone has poor hygiene. A [Red Eye](/symptoms/red-eye/) or [Eye Discharge](/symptoms/eye-discharge/) can have causes unrelated to a stye.

Wash hands before touching the face and clean the eyelid gently without scrubbing. Warm compresses can soften oil and soothe a tender area. Replace old eye makeup, do not share cosmetics or towels, and avoid rubbing the eyes. Pause contact lenses and eye makeup while the lid is inflamed.

If styes recur, a [GP Consultation](/treatments/consultations-and-assessment/gp-consultation/) can look for eyelid inflammation or another contributing condition. Do not use someone else’s eye drops or try to open the lump yourself.

Seek prompt medical assessment for fever, rapidly spreading redness or swelling, severe pain, reduced vision, or pain when moving the eye. These symptoms suggest a need to check for a wider eye or skin infection.

Arrange a routine review when styes repeatedly return, the swelling remains, or the diagnosis is uncertain. A persistent lump may not be an active stye and may need a different approach.

Ask whether eyelid-margin inflammation, skin sensitivity, or a blocked gland could be contributing, and which cleaning routine is suitable for you. Mention recurrence, cosmetics, contact lenses, and any discharge or change in vision.