What is sickle cell disease?

Healthy red blood cells are flexible and carry oxygen. In sickle cell disease, changes in haemoglobin can make some cells curved and rigid. They may become trapped in narrow vessels, reducing blood flow and causing episodes of pain. Their early breakdown can contribute to anaemia, with tiredness, breathlessness or pale skin. The condition is inherited through genes passed from parents; it is not caused by something a person has eaten or done.

A clinician can assess symptoms and arrange a blood test to identify the haemoglobin pattern. Keep a record of pain episodes, tiredness, fever and triggers such as dehydration, illness or cold exposure. Regular follow-up helps review blood counts, medicines, vaccinations and organ health. If you are planning a family, premarital screening can clarify whether you or a partner carries an altered haemoglobin gene.

Seek urgent medical help for severe or new pain, difficulty breathing, chest pain, sudden weakness, confusion, a high temperature, or marked drowsiness. These symptoms can signal reduced blood flow or infection and need prompt assessment. Do not wait for a routine appointment if symptoms are rapidly worsening.

Ask which type of sickle cell disease or carrier state is present, how the diagnosis was confirmed, what warning signs matter for you, and which follow-up tests or treatments are appropriate.