How to reduce dandruff

Dandruff is visible shedding of scalp skin that may leave white or yellowish flakes on the hair and clothing. It can occur with itch, dryness or mild redness. Seborrheic dermatitis can cause a more inflamed, greasy or scaly scalp and may also affect the eyebrows, ears, nose or beard area. Psoriasis, eczema, contact irritation and fungal infection can resemble dandruff, so persistent or unusual flaking deserves a closer look.

Wash often enough to remove oil and loose scale, using lukewarm water and gentle fingertip washing rather than scratching with nails. A medicated shampoo may contain an anti-yeast or scale-reducing ingredient; follow its label or your clinician's directions, and allow it to remain on the scalp for the recommended contact time. Rinse thoroughly and avoid products that sting or leave the scalp tight. Do not share combs, brushes or hats if an infection is suspected. If ordinary care does not control symptoms, a clinician may recommend medicated shampoo treatment or topical antifungal treatment.

Arrange a scalp assessment when flaking persists despite suitable shampoo use, or when there is marked redness, thick scale, bleeding, hair loss, pus, pain or swelling. Seek prompt care for a rapidly spreading rash, facial or eye involvement, or fever. A clinician can check whether the problem is dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, infection or product irritation.

Does this look like dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis? Which shampoo ingredient and schedule fit my scalp? Should I use an antifungal treatment, and for how long? What should I do if the scalp burns or my hair starts shedding?