How does colposcopy work?

A colposcopy uses a magnifying instrument to examine the cervix after an abnormal screening result or other cervical concern. A speculum gently holds the vaginal walls apart while the colposcopist views the cervix through a colposcope, which stays outside the body. Special liquids can highlight unusual areas, and a small biopsy may be taken for laboratory assessment.

Colposcopy usually follows a [Cervical Screening Test](/treatments/diagnostics-and-imaging/cervical-screening-test/) or [HPV Test](/treatments/diagnostics-and-imaging/hpv-test/). The examination helps distinguish healthy tissue from changes that may need monitoring or treatment. An abnormal appearance does not by itself diagnose cancer; a biopsy, when taken, provides more information. Findings can include [Cervical Dysplasia](/conditions/cervical-dysplasia/) or changes associated with [HPV Infection](/conditions/hpv-infection/).

The appointment may feel like pressure or cramping. Tell the clinician if you are uncomfortable, and mention pregnancy, bleeding, allergies or medicines that affect bleeding before the examination.

Follow the appointment instructions and bring details of previous screening results if requested. Afterward, mild spotting or dark discharge can occur, especially after a biopsy. Use menstrual products rather than inserting anything into the vagina until advised, and keep the follow-up appointment so the result and next step are clear. Treatment, if needed, may involve [Loop Excision of the Cervix](/treatments/gynaecological-surgery/loop-excision-of-the-cervix/) or another procedure.

Contact the clinic promptly for bleeding that is heavy or does not settle, severe pelvic pain, fever, foul-smelling discharge, dizziness or feeling faint. Seek urgent help for severe bleeding, collapse or breathing difficulty. These symptoms need assessment regardless of whether the colposcopy looked reassuring.

Ask what prompted the referral, whether a biopsy is planned, when results should arrive, what restrictions apply afterward, and what treatment would be considered if abnormal cells are found.