How does caesarean section work?

A caesarean section delivers a baby through an operation involving the abdomen and uterus, usually with regional anaesthesia. The surgeon makes an incision in the lower abdomen, opens the uterus, delivers the baby, and then closes the layers. You may be awake and able to meet your baby soon after birth.

Before surgery, the team checks your health, places an intravenous line and monitors you and the baby. A spinal or epidural anaesthetic numbs the lower body; general anaesthesia may be used in some urgent situations. A screen can shield the operating area while the baby is delivered. The placenta is removed, the uterus is repaired, and the abdominal layers are closed. Oxytocin may help the uterus contract after birth; learn more about [Oxytocin](/materials/oxytocin/).

A caesarean may be planned because of the baby's position, the placenta's location, previous birth history or a health concern. It can also become necessary during labour. Conditions such as [Placenta Praevia](/conditions/placenta-praevia/) or severe [Pre-eclampsia](/conditions/pre-eclampsia/) can affect the birth plan.

Follow the hospital's instructions about eating, drinking and medicines. Arrange practical help at home, because lifting, driving and strenuous activity may be restricted while the incision heals. Keep the wound clean and dry as advised, take prescribed pain relief, walk gently when encouraged, and attend follow-up care. [Postnatal Physiotherapy](/treatments/pelvic-floor-and-rehabilitation/postnatal-physiotherapy/) can support movement and recovery.

Contact your maternity team urgently for heavy bleeding, worsening abdominal pain, fever, faintness, shortness of breath, chest pain, a painful swollen leg, or an incision that becomes increasingly red, hot or open. Seek prompt advice if you feel very unwell or notice concerns about the baby. A blood-pressure emergency such as [Eclampsia](/conditions/eclampsia/) requires emergency care.

Ask why caesarean birth is recommended, which anaesthetic is planned, what support is available during recovery, how future pregnancies may be affected, and which symptoms should prompt a same-day call.