What causes dandruff?

The scalp normally renews its outer skin, but dandruff causes flakes to become more noticeable. Oil on the scalp can interact with a naturally occurring yeast and create an environment that promotes scale or irritation in some people. Weather changes, stress, illness, infrequent cleansing, and product buildup may make flaking more apparent, although dandruff is not simply caused by being unclean. Seborrheic dermatitis may produce a more inflamed form of scaling, particularly around oily areas such as the hairline and behind the ears. Other rashes can look similar.

Use a consistent, gentle scalp-washing routine and avoid scratching the flakes away. Medicated shampoo therapy can reduce scaling when the active ingredient and contact time are suitable for you. If symptoms continue, a clinician may consider topical antifungal treatment or check for psoriasis, contact irritation, or infection. Introduce one new scalp product at a time so a reaction is easier to identify, and rinse styling products from the scalp thoroughly.

Arrange an assessment if flaking is severe, persistent, painful, or associated with marked redness, thick plaques, crusting, oozing, or patchy hair loss. A rash that starts after dye or a new product also deserves review. Examination can clarify whether the cause is dandruff or another scalp condition and prevent unsuitable self-treatment.

Ask what pattern your scalp shows, which trigger is most plausible, how to use a medicated shampoo, whether antifungal treatment is appropriate, and how soon to return if the scale does not settle.