Common cold runny nose: causes and relief

Cold viruses irritate the lining of the nose, prompting it to produce more fluid and mucus. Sneezing helps clear irritants, while swelling can alternate with watery discharge and a blocked feeling. Clear mucus is common early on, and thicker mucus can occur as the illness changes. A runny nose can also drip into the throat and trigger coughing, particularly at night. It does not by itself show that the illness is severe.

Use soft tissues and dab rather than rubbing the skin under your nose. A thin layer of plain moisturiser can protect irritated skin. Saline drops or spray may clear mucus, and regular fluids can prevent the throat from becoming dry. Wash your hands after wiping your nose, dispose of tissues promptly, and avoid sharing personal items. Ask a pharmacist before using decongestants if you are pregnant, have high blood pressure, or take regular medicines.

Seek advice if the runny nose is accompanied by difficult breathing, severe facial pain, swelling around the eyes, dehydration, or a marked decline after initial improvement. A persistent cough, significant earache, or symptoms affecting a child’s feeding also deserve assessment. These features can point to a complication or another condition, including sinusitis or a middle ear infection. Read more about [Earache](/symptoms/earache/) and [Blocked Nose](/symptoms/blocked-nose/).

Ask whether the discharge and duration fit a cold, whether an allergy or sinus problem is possible, and which treatment is safe with your health history. Explain whether symptoms are one-sided, affecting sleep, or associated with facial or ear pain.