Can pneumonia be prevented?

Pneumonia is an infection or inflammation in the lungs. It can follow infections such as Influenza or COVID-19, although other viruses, bacteria and aspiration can also be involved. Prevention lowers exposure and supports the body's defences, but it cannot remove every possible cause.

Risk can be higher for older adults, young children, people with long-term lung or heart problems, and those with weakened immunity. Swallowing problems can allow food or fluid to enter the lungs, so they need specific advice.

Ask a clinician which vaccines are appropriate for your age, health and travel circumstances, including seasonal Influenza and COVID-19 protection. Wash hands, improve ventilation in crowded indoor spaces, avoid close contact with people who are acutely unwell, and stay home when you have a contagious respiratory illness.

Do not smoke, and seek help to stop if needed. Take prescribed treatment for asthma or other long-term conditions as directed. If swallowing causes coughing or choking, arrange an assessment rather than changing food textures without advice.

Contact a clinician for a persistent or worsening cough, fever, breathlessness, chest pain when breathing or unusual weakness. Seek emergency help for severe difficulty breathing, blue or grey lips, new confusion, fainting or inability to stay awake.

Ask which vaccines you should receive, whether a chronic condition changes your risk, and how to manage an exposure to Influenza or COVID-19. Mention choking, reflux or repeated chest infections so swallowing can be considered.