Scalp Ringworm (Tinea Capitis): Symptoms and Treatment

Scalp ringworm, also called tinea capitis, is a fungal infection affecting the scalp and hair. It is not caused by a worm. The fungus can enter hair shafts and spread between people, animals, or shared items. Early assessment helps limit spread and protect the scalp from inflammation.

Scalp ringworm commonly presents with flaky areas, itchy or tender scalp, broken hairs, and bald patches. Hair loss may look round or uneven, while short hairs close to the scalp can appear as black dots. Some people develop swollen, crusted, or pus-filled areas. A painful, boggy swelling needs prompt medical attention because strong inflammation can affect the follicles.

Dermatophyte fungi cause scalp ringworm. Infection can pass through close contact with an affected person or pet, and through combs, brushes, hats, bedding, or towels that carry fungal material. Scratching can move the infection across the scalp, but ordinary poor hygiene is not the sole cause.

Without treatment, the infection can expand and cause more scaling, hair breakage, and inflammation. Hair often grows back after the infection settles, although severe follicle inflammation may leave scarring. Treatment response is assessed by symptoms and scalp examination rather than by appearance alone.

Children are commonly affected, especially where close contact and shared hair items are frequent. Household members, school contacts, and people living with infected pets may also be exposed. A weakened immune system or irritated scalp can make infection harder to control.

A clinician examines the scalp, hairs, and any swollen areas. They may collect skin scale or broken hairs for laboratory testing to distinguish fungal infection from conditions that also cause hair loss or flaking. Tell the clinician about contact with affected people or animals and any products already used.

Because the fungus lives in the hair shaft, treatment commonly includes an oral antifungal medicine prescribed after assessment. A medicated shampoo may reduce fungal material on the scalp and lower spread, but shampoo alone may not clear infection inside hairs. Follow the prescribed course and report worsening inflammation or medicine-related concerns.

Avoid sharing combs, brushes, hats, towels, and pillowcases while treatment is underway. Wash or clean items as advised, and arrange assessment for close household contacts or pets when exposure is possible. Gentle scalp care can reduce scratching and irritation.

Untreated infection can lead to extensive hair breakage, marked inflammation, swollen lymph nodes, or temporary or lasting scarring hair loss. Seek prompt care for rapidly enlarging swelling, pus, fever, or significant pain.

Do not share hair tools or headwear. Clean frequently used personal items, wash hands after touching affected areas, and have symptomatic family members assessed. Pets with bald or scaly patches may need veterinary evaluation.

A dermatologist can assess persistent scalp scaling, patchy hair loss, or suspected infection and select testing and treatment. Bring a list of medicines and note whether anyone at home or a pet has similar changes.