Melanoma: signs, diagnosis and treatment

Melanoma is a skin cancer that may develop in a mole or in previously normal-looking skin.

It begins in pigment-making cells called melanocytes. Early assessment matters because melanoma can grow deeper into the skin and, in some cases, travel beyond the original site. It can occur on sun-exposed or covered skin, including the scalp, nails, soles, and between the toes.

Changing Mole is a very common presentation of melanoma. A spot may enlarge, alter in colour, develop an uneven outline, look different from nearby moles, itch, crust, or bleed. A Bleeding Mole is also a common presentation. These changes need assessment, but they do not by themselves diagnose melanoma.

Arrange a prompt skin examination for a new or changing pigmented mark, especially if it continues to evolve. Seek urgent medical care for heavy bleeding, a rapidly enlarging lesion, or a wound that will not stop bleeding.

Melanoma develops when melanocytes acquire changes that let them multiply out of control. Ultraviolet exposure can damage skin cells, while inherited traits and a person’s mole pattern can also contribute. A melanoma may arise within an existing mole, but many arise separately from one.

Some melanomas change gradually, while others become noticeable over a shorter period. Clinicians assess the thickness of the lesion and whether cells have reached nearby lymph nodes or other areas. That information guides treatment planning and the intensity of follow-up.

Risk can be higher with repeated ultraviolet exposure, episodes of sunburn, naturally fair or easily freckled skin, many moles, atypical moles, a personal history of skin cancer, or melanoma in close relatives. Having a risk factor does not mean melanoma will develop, and people without an obvious risk factor can still develop it.

A dermatologist usually examines the whole skin surface, not only the spot that prompted the visit. Dermoscopy uses a lighted magnifier to inspect pigment patterns. If a lesion is suspicious, removal of all or part of it for laboratory examination confirms the diagnosis. Further examinations or scans may be considered when staging is needed.

Surgery is commonly used to remove melanoma and a margin of surrounding skin. Depending on the diagnosis, the team may discuss lymph-node assessment, further surgery, medicines that help the immune system recognise cancer cells, or medicines aimed at particular tumour changes. Your plan depends on the site, depth, stage, general health, and your preferences.

Follow-up visits are a chance to examine the treated area, review the rest of the skin, and discuss new symptoms. Learn where the scar and nearby lymph-node areas are so you can notice a new lump or persistent change. Emotional support can be helpful if skin checks or a cancer diagnosis create ongoing worry.

Treatment can leave a scar, altered sensation, tightness, or swelling near the operation site. Melanoma that has spread can cause symptoms related to the affected area. Report a new persistent headache, unexplained neurological change, breathlessness, bone pain, or new lump to your treating team so it can be assessed in context.

Use shade, protective clothing, sunglasses, and a broad-spectrum sunscreen as part of routine sun protection. Avoid deliberate tanning and check your skin in good light, including less visible areas. Comparing a mark with its own previous appearance is often more useful than trying to decide whether it matches a single checklist.

A dermatologist can assess a suspicious mole and coordinate biopsy or surgery. If melanoma is confirmed, care may also involve surgical, medical oncology, pathology, radiology, and nursing professionals. Bring a list of changes you have noticed, relevant family history, and photographs that show how a lesion has changed over time.