Lung Cancer

Lung cancer begins when abnormal cells in the lung grow in an uncontrolled way.

Different cell types can behave differently, and cancer may be confined to the lung or may have spread at diagnosis. Knowing the cell type and extent of disease helps the team discuss a plan that matches the situation.

A persistent cough, shortness of breath and unexplained weight loss are very common presentations of lung cancer; hoarseness can also occur. These symptoms have many possible causes, but a cough that does not settle, coughing up blood, worsening breathlessness, chest pain, or new hoarseness should be medically assessed. Sudden severe breathlessness needs urgent care.

Tobacco smoke is a major contributor to lung cancer. Exposure to second-hand smoke, radon, asbestos and other workplace carcinogens can also contribute. Some people who develop lung cancer have never smoked, so symptoms still deserve assessment regardless of smoking history.

A tumour may grow within the lung, involve nearby lymph nodes, or spread to other organs. Staging describes where it is and how far it has travelled. Repeat imaging and symptom review show how the cancer is responding and whether the plan needs to be changed.

Risk is influenced by smoking exposure, environmental or occupational exposures, and individual factors. A history of lung disease may affect assessment and treatment choices. Stopping smoking can support lung health and may make treatment easier to tolerate, even after a diagnosis.

The process often starts with imaging, followed by a sample of tissue or cells to identify the cancer type. Further scans assess its extent. Genomic tumour profiling may look for changes within cancer cells that could inform treatment. Your team should explain the purpose and preparation for each test.

Treatment may include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy. A lung lobectomy removes one lobe of a lung when surgery is suitable. The choice depends on cancer type, stage, molecular features, lung function and personal priorities. Some plans use more than one treatment, delivered before or after another approach.

Breathlessness, tiredness and appetite changes can affect routines. Ask about pulmonary rehabilitation, activity pacing, nutrition support and medicines for symptoms. Keep contact details for the cancer team, report new side effects early, and consider practical help with transport, work and caring responsibilities.

Lung cancer or its treatment can affect breathing, cause infection, block an airway, or lead to fluid around the lung. Rapidly worsening breathlessness, chest pain, coughing blood, a high fever or confusion require urgent medical assessment. Palliative care can work alongside active cancer treatment to manage symptoms and support quality of life.

Avoiding tobacco smoke and workplace carcinogens where possible can reduce risk. If you work around dusts, fumes or chemicals, follow workplace safety measures. Discuss any concern about radon or asbestos exposure with a clinician who can advise on appropriate next steps.

A lung cancer service may include respiratory physicians, medical oncologists, thoracic surgeons, radiation oncologists, specialist nurses, radiologists and pathology staff. Before deciding on treatment, ask what the aim is, which side effects should prompt a call, and how your preferences shape the recommendation.