Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a viral infection that can cause recurrent sores or blisters around the genitals or anus.

It is passed through close skin-to-skin or sexual contact with an affected area. Some people have noticeable outbreaks, while others have mild symptoms or none that they recognise.

Painful blisters or ulcers, itching, tingling and tenderness can develop on or around the genitals, anus, buttocks or upper thighs. Painful urination and vulval pain are common presentations of genital herpes when sores or inflammation affect those areas.

During a first episode, a person may also feel generally unwell or notice swollen glands. Seek prompt care for severe pain, inability to pass urine, symptoms in pregnancy, or symptoms in a newborn.

Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus. The virus can remain inactive in nerve cells after the first infection and later reactivate, which explains why outbreaks may recur.

Transmission can occur when there are visible sores and can also occur when skin looks normal. Condoms and dental dams reduce skin contact but do not cover every potentially affected area.

The first recognised episode can be more uncomfortable than later episodes. Recurrences differ between people and may be associated with illness, friction, stress or other personal triggers. Keeping a note of symptoms can help identify patterns.

Exposure is possible through vaginal, anal or oral sex and through direct contact with an affected partner's skin. Having a new sexual partner or partners can increase opportunities for exposure, but anyone who is sexually active can acquire the virus.

A clinician can often assess a new sore by examining it and may take a swab from the lesion to identify herpes simplex virus. Testing is most useful while a fresh sore is present. Broader sexual health testing may be offered because more than one infection can occur.

Antiviral medicine can shorten an episode or be used in selected situations to reduce recurrences. A clinician will advise on timing, dose and whether it suits your health circumstances. Pain relief, loose clothing, gentle washing and drinking fluids can ease discomfort.

Do not share prescribed medicine. Arrange a review if symptoms are worsening, sores are not healing as expected, or outbreaks are frequent or difficult to manage.

The diagnosis can bring worry, embarrassment or concerns about relationships. Clear information, honest conversations with partners and support from a sexual health clinician can make decisions more manageable. Avoid touching sores where possible and wash hands after any contact.

Avoid sexual contact from the first warning sensation until sores have healed. Discuss suppressive antiviral treatment with a clinician if recurrent outbreaks or transmission concerns are affecting your life. Let maternity care providers know about genital herpes during pregnancy.