Why does lumbar spondylosis cause back pain?

Lumbar spondylosis describes wear-related changes involving the discs and small joints of the lower spine. Discs may lose height or flexibility, while joints can become stiff and their movement may feel uncomfortable. Nearby muscles may tighten to protect the area, adding aching and fatigue. Pain can be worse with prolonged standing, lifting, or certain twisting movements, and it may settle when the position changes. Imaging findings do not always explain the amount of pain, so symptoms and physical examination matter together.

A clinician or physiotherapist can guide a programme that maintains comfortable movement and builds trunk, hip, and leg strength. Break up long periods in one position, use lifting techniques that keep loads close, and increase activity gradually. Heat, rest from aggravating tasks, or medication may be considered with advice suited to your health history. A plan should be adjusted if exercises repeatedly increase pain.

Arrange medical review when back pain persists, returns often, or interferes with sleep, work, or movement. Get urgent help for new leg weakness, numbness around the groin, loss of bladder or bowel control, fever, unexplained illness, or severe pain after an injury.

Which structures may be contributing to my pain? What movements and strengthening exercises are suitable? Do my symptoms suggest nerve irritation? Which warning signs should lead me to seek urgent care?