Why does interstitial cystitis cause pelvic pain?

Interstitial cystitis, also called bladder pain syndrome, can involve an irritated or overly sensitive bladder and changes in how the nervous system processes bladder signals. Stretching as the bladder fills may trigger pressure, aching or burning in the lower abdomen, pelvis, urethra or back. Pain may ease temporarily after urination and return as the bladder fills again. Some people also need to urinate often or urgently, including at night.

Symptoms can flare with menstruation, sexual activity, stress, prolonged sitting or certain foods and drinks, although triggers vary. Urinary infection, stones, endometriosis and other pelvic conditions can cause similar symptoms, so pelvic pain does not establish the diagnosis.

Arrange an assessment for persistent or recurring pelvic pain, especially with urinary urgency or frequency. Keep a short diary of pain, urination, periods, food and possible triggers. Drink fluids regularly without forcing excessive amounts, and avoid only the items that clearly worsen symptoms. A clinician may check urine and discuss pelvic-floor care, bladder training, medicines or other treatments suited to your symptoms.

Seek urgent care for fever, chills, vomiting, blood in urine, inability to urinate, severe sudden pain, fainting or pain during pregnancy. These features can point to infection, obstruction or another condition needing prompt treatment rather than a typical flare.

Ask which tests can rule out infection or stones, whether pelvic-floor muscles may contribute, how to identify your triggers, and which treatment should be tried first. Ask when worsening pain or urinary changes should prompt reassessment.