USPSTF prostate cancer screening: what to know

The prostate-specific antigen test measures a substance released by prostate tissue. A raised result can occur for several reasons, including non-cancerous prostate enlargement or inflammation, so it does not diagnose prostate cancer. A low result cannot remove every possibility either.

If the result needs clarification, the clinician may repeat testing, examine the prostate, use imaging, or discuss a biopsy. If cancer is found, its grade, extent, symptoms, age, general health, and preferences guide choices. Some people need monitoring, while others may discuss prostate removal surgery, radiotherapy, or other treatments.

Tell the clinician about urinary symptoms, family history, previous PSA results, medicines, and any prostate procedures. Ask what the test can and cannot answer in your situation. Before testing, discuss what you would do if the result were raised, including whether you would consider repeat testing or biopsy.

Difficulty passing urine should be assessed on its own merits and is not proof of prostate cancer. Treatment decisions should follow a confirmed diagnosis and a discussion of expected effects on urinary, bowel, and sexual function.

Seek prompt medical advice for inability to pass urine, blood in the urine, persistent bone pain, or unexplained weakness. Get urgent help for severe lower abdominal pain with inability to urinate, fever, or confusion. These problems can have different causes, and symptoms alone do not establish prostate cancer.

What is my personal risk and what could the PSA result lead to? Should I repeat the test or have another assessment? If cancer is found, which options fit its extent and my priorities?