What are the types and stages of syphilis?

Primary syphilis often begins with a painless sore where bacteria entered the body, such as the mouth, genitals or anal area. Secondary syphilis may cause a rash, including on the palms or soles, along with swollen glands, fever or tiredness. These signs can be mild or absent.

Latent syphilis has no visible symptoms, although infection remains in the body. Tertiary syphilis is a later form that can damage organs and the nervous system. A clinician may also describe neurosyphilis, eye disease or ear disease when those areas are involved; these can occur at different stages.

Testing is needed because a person cannot reliably identify the stage from symptoms. Tell the clinician about past sores or rashes, possible exposures, previous tests and any treatment. Blood testing is commonly used, with additional assessment when the eyes, ears or nervous system may be affected.

Treatment is selected according to the stage, clinical findings and treatment history. Take every prescribed antibiotic dose or injection plan as instructed, attend follow-up, and avoid sexual contact until your clinician gives specific advice. Partners may need testing and treatment.

Seek prompt assessment for a new painless sore, a rash on the palms or soles, or a known partner diagnosis. Seek urgent care for vision changes, eye pain, hearing loss, severe headache, confusion, weakness or trouble with balance. Contact a maternity team promptly if you are pregnant and may have been exposed.

Ask which stage best fits your history, whether you need tests beyond blood work, how follow-up will show that treatment worked, and which partners should be contacted. Ask what symptoms require urgent review.