RB retinoblastoma: what to know

The retina is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Retinoblastoma develops from retinal cells and may affect one or both eyes. A white glow in the pupil in photographs, a new squint, a change in eye colour, redness, swelling, or reduced vision can be warning signs. These signs can have other causes, but an unusual eye change in a child needs prompt medical review.

Assessment is usually led by a specialist eye team and may include an examination while the child is asleep, imaging, and family history review. Care is planned around the tumour’s position, size, eye involvement, and the child’s general health. Treatment may include local treatment such as [Brachytherapy](/treatments/radiation-oncology/brachytherapy/) or medicine such as [Chemotherapy](/treatments/systemic-therapy/chemotherapy/).

Arrange urgent assessment through a paediatric eye or oncology service if a child has a new white pupil reflection, persistent squint, or unexplained eye change. Take photographs that show the change and note when it was first seen. Keep specialist appointments even when the child seems comfortable, because eye disease may not cause pain early on.

Ask the team what the treatment aims are for each eye, how examinations are scheduled, and how vision and general health will be monitored. Genetic counselling may be offered when the pattern of disease or family history suggests an inherited form.

Seek urgent medical help for sudden loss of vision, severe eye pain, marked swelling, an injured or protruding eye, repeated vomiting with severe headache, or a child who becomes unusually drowsy. Contact the treatment team promptly for fever or concerning symptoms during chemotherapy.

Which findings confirm the diagnosis? Is one eye or both eyes involved? What is the goal of treatment for each eye? Will genetic counselling or family testing be offered? How will vision and treatment effects be monitored? Which symptoms should prompt an emergency call?