What should you know about polio virus?

Poliomyelitis, commonly called polio, is caused by poliovirus. Many infections cause no clear symptoms or produce a mild illness such as fever, tiredness, headache, nausea, stomach discomfort, or sore throat. In some people, the virus reaches nerve cells that control movement. This can lead to severe muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, or difficulty breathing. Weakness may affect one limb or several parts of the body and needs prompt medical assessment.

A person may release the virus in bowel movements even when they feel well. Good hand hygiene and safe sanitation reduce spread, but vaccination is the main protection for individuals and communities.

Check that routine vaccinations are up to date, especially for children, and discuss any missed doses with a healthcare professional. Wash hands carefully after using the toilet or changing nappies and before preparing food. If polio is suspected, avoid preparing food for others until you have received medical advice. Do not rely on antibiotics, because they do not treat a viral infection.

Bring details of recent travel, vaccination history, fever, new weakness, and contact with someone who was unwell to the appointment. Childhood vaccination information is available in [Childhood Immunisation](/treatments/preventive-care-and-vaccination/childhood-immunisation/).

Seek urgent medical help for new or worsening weakness, a floppy limb, trouble walking, difficulty swallowing, choking, or shortness of breath. These symptoms can progress quickly and may require hospital care. Fever with marked neck or back stiffness, confusion, or a severe headache also warrants urgent assessment. Call local emergency services if breathing is difficult or a person cannot swallow safely.

Ask whether the symptoms need urgent testing, whether vaccination records are complete, and what precautions are sensible for household members. You can also ask how to monitor strength, swallowing, and breathing while waiting for further assessment.