How does cartilage repair surgery work?

The surgeon examines the joint, removes loose or unhealthy cartilage, and prepares the defect. The technique may involve making small openings in the underlying bone so marrow cells and blood can enter, transferring a plug of cartilage and bone, or placing a collagen scaffold that supports repair tissue. The choice depends on the defect’s size, depth, position, symptoms, and the condition of the rest of the joint. The aim is to create a smoother surface and protect the underlying bone; repair tissue may not have exactly the same structure as original cartilage.

Knee cartilage injury can cause pain, swelling, catching, or reduced movement. Osteochondritis dissecans may affect the cartilage and the bone beneath it, so treatment is planned around both layers.

Rehabilitation is part of the repair, not an optional extra. You may need crutches, a brace, or limits on bending and weight-bearing while the treated area settles. A physiotherapist then guides gentle movement, muscle activation, balance, and a gradual return to loading. Keep appointments and progress only as instructed; deep squats, impact, or twisting too early can overload the healing surface. Ask when driving, work, exercise, and stairs are appropriate for your procedure.

Contact the surgical team if swelling or pain is steadily worsening, the wound becomes red or wet, or you develop fever. Seek urgent assessment for a suddenly hot and very swollen calf, chest pain, trouble breathing, or a foot that becomes cold, pale, numb, or weak.

Ask which repair method fits your defect, what tissue is expected to form, how long protection will last, and which milestones guide rehabilitation. Ask what symptoms should prompt a call and whether another part of the joint needs treatment at the same time.