Head cold and runny nose: what to know

Cold viruses make the lining inside the nose swell and produce extra mucus. The discharge may begin clear and can become thicker as the illness changes; colour alone does not show whether antibiotics are needed. Sneezing, a scratchy throat, cough, tiredness or mild fever may accompany a common cold. Allergic rhinitis, including reactions to house dust mites or pets, can also cause watery discharge and repeated sneezing, often with itchy eyes and a pattern linked to exposure. Sinusitis becomes more relevant when facial pressure, reduced smell or worsening symptoms join the nasal problem. COVID-19 and influenza can overlap with cold symptoms, so consider local testing or clinical advice when exposure or fever makes that useful.

Rest when you can and drink enough fluid to keep your mouth comfortable. Saline nasal drops or a gentle rinse may loosen mucus; use sterile, distilled or previously boiled and cooled water for a rinse. Blow your nose gently, one side at a time, and wash your hands after touching tissues. A pharmacist can explain whether an antihistamine or another product fits your symptoms and health history. Avoid sharing towels, cups and utensils while you are unwell, and ventilate shared rooms.

Seek urgent help for trouble breathing, chest pain, new confusion, severe weakness, or inability to keep fluids down. Arrange medical advice if symptoms are severe, keep worsening, return after improving, or include marked facial swelling or severe one-sided facial pain. People who are pregnant, immunocompromised, very young, older, or living with significant long-term illness may need earlier advice for a respiratory infection.

Could this pattern fit an allergy rather than a cold? Do I need testing for a respiratory infection? Which nasal treatment is suitable with my medicines or medical conditions? What change would mean I should contact you again?