GERD and heartburn: what to know

Heartburn is usually felt behind the breastbone and may rise towards the throat. It can bring a sour taste, fluid coming back up, belching, or a sensation that food is slow to pass. Reflux may be more noticeable after a large meal, when bending over, or when lying down.

A weak or frequently relaxing valve between the oesophagus and stomach can allow reflux. A hiatus hernia, excess pressure on the abdomen, some medicines, and individual food triggers may contribute. Heartburn can also occur with other digestive problems, so recurring symptoms deserve a clinical review rather than self-diagnosis.

Try smaller meals, eat slowly, and remain upright after eating. Notice whether particular foods, late meals, alcohol, or tobacco worsen symptoms, then discuss useful changes with a clinician. Avoid clothing that presses on the abdomen and consider raising the head end of the bed if night symptoms are frequent.

A pharmacist or doctor can explain whether an antacid, alginate, or acid-reducing medicine fits your symptoms and other medicines. Use treatments as directed; persistent symptoms may need an assessment for reflux complications or another cause.

Seek emergency help for new or severe chest pressure, pain spreading to the arm, jaw, back, or shoulder, breathlessness, faintness, sweating, or marked nausea. Do not assume these symptoms are reflux.

Arrange prompt medical care if swallowing becomes difficult or painful, food sticks, vomiting persists, vomit contains blood, stools are black, or you lose weight without trying. Book a routine appointment when heartburn keeps returning, disrupts sleep, or needs frequent non-prescription medicine.

Ask what pattern best fits your symptoms, whether another digestive condition should be considered, and which medicines or supplements may be aggravating reflux. You can also ask how long to try lifestyle measures, what warning signs to monitor, and whether you need a review if symptoms return.