Frequent kidney stones: what to know

A kidney stone forms when substances in urine crystallise and collect. Dehydration can make urine more concentrated, while diet, family tendency, medicines, and some medical conditions can alter stone-forming substances. A stone may cause sharp flank or abdominal pain, painful urination, nausea, or blood in the urine, but symptoms vary with its position. Repeated episodes are a reason to review the stone type and prevention plan.

Drink fluids regularly unless a clinician has given you a fluid restriction, and aim for urine that is generally pale rather than strongly concentrated. Do not make major diet changes without advice; prevention depends on the stone composition and your health. If you pass a stone, ask whether it should be collected for analysis. A GP consultation can review medicines, urine testing, blood tests, and whether an abdominal ultrasound is useful.

Get urgent medical help for severe or uncontrolled pain, fever or chills with urinary symptoms, repeated vomiting, inability to pass urine, or feeling faint. A blocked urinary tract with infection can become serious. Arrange a routine review for repeated stones, persistent flank pain, blood in urine, or painful urination, even if symptoms settle between episodes.

Ask what type of stone is suspected, whether urine or blood tests are needed, how much fluid is suitable for you, and which dietary changes fit the result. Discuss whether imaging should check for a remaining or obstructing stone.