What should you know about frequent heartburn?

Heartburn is a burning feeling behind the breastbone that may rise towards the throat, often after eating or when lying down. Acid reflux is a common explanation. A hiatus hernia can make reflux easier by affecting the barrier between the stomach and oesophagus. Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease can also cause upper abdominal discomfort, though they are not the same as reflux.

Large meals, lying down soon after eating, alcohol, smoking and foods that trigger you can worsen symptoms. Weight-related pressure around the abdomen may contribute. Repeated symptoms do not identify one cause by themselves, and chest discomfort should not automatically be labelled heartburn.

Note which meals, drinks, medicines and positions bring symptoms on. Try smaller meals, remain upright after eating, and avoid lying down soon after dinner. If symptoms occur at night, ask a clinician whether raising the head of the bed is suitable. Avoid smoking and limit personal triggers rather than removing broad food groups without a reason.

A pharmacist or clinician can explain acid reflux medication, including how and when to take it and whether it fits your other medicines. Frequent symptoms may need assessment instead of repeated self-treatment.

Get emergency help for chest pressure or pain with sweating, faintness, breathlessness or pain spreading to the arm, back or jaw. Arrange prompt review for trouble swallowing, food sticking, vomiting blood, black stools, repeated vomiting, unexplained weight loss or symptoms that persist despite appropriate treatment.

Could reflux, gastritis, a hiatus hernia or an ulcer explain my symptoms? Do I need testing? Which medicines can worsen burning, and what treatment schedule is appropriate for me?