Understanding prostate cancer

The prostate surrounds part of the urine channel, so a tumour or an enlarged prostate can affect flow. Possible changes include hesitancy, a weak stream, frequent night-time urination, blood in urine or semen, and persistent back or pelvic pain. These symptoms are not specific to cancer.

Assessment may include discussion of personal and family history, a prostate examination, blood and urine tests, imaging, and sometimes a biopsy. Results help describe the cancer's grade, extent, and likely behaviour.

If you have a new urinary change or unexplained blood, arrange a medical review and record when it started, how it changes, and any fever or pain. Do not stop prescribed medicines without advice.

Management can range from active monitoring to treatment. Depending on the cancer, options may include prostate removal surgery, radiotherapy, brachytherapy, hormone-based medicines, or targeted radioisotope therapy. Decisions consider cancer features, general health, side effects, and personal preferences.

Get urgent help if you cannot pass urine, develop severe lower abdominal pain, see heavy bleeding or clots, or have new leg weakness, numbness, or loss of bladder or bowel control. These symptoms can signal obstruction, bleeding, infection, or nerve pressure.

Ask what the tests show, whether a biopsy or scan is needed, and what the grade and stage mean. Discuss the expected benefits and side effects of each option, including effects on erections, continence, bowel function, energy, and bone health.