Diffusely infiltrating glioma

The term describes a growth pattern rather than a complete diagnosis. Modern classification also considers how the tumour cells look under a microscope and their molecular features.

MRI can show the tumour's location and extent, but imaging alone may not establish its exact type. Tissue obtained through biopsy or surgery allows a neuropathologist to assess the cells and test defining molecular markers. These findings help the team name and grade the tumour and estimate its likely behaviour.

Possible effects depend heavily on the brain region involved. A glioma may present with seizures, persistent headaches, weakness, changes in speech or vision, altered sensation, balance problems, memory difficulty or personality change. These symptoms also have other causes and require clinical assessment rather than self-diagnosis.

Care is usually planned by specialists in neurosurgery, neuro-oncology, radiology, pathology and radiation oncology. The team considers the tumour's position, molecular classification, grade, symptoms and the functions controlled by nearby brain tissue.

Surgery may aim to obtain tissue and remove as much tumour as can be done while protecting function. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, medicines to control seizures and corticosteroids for swelling may also be discussed. Do not stop anti-seizure medicine or steroids suddenly unless the prescribing clinician gives a tapering plan.

Seek emergency help for a first seizure, a seizure that does not stop, repeated seizures without recovery, sudden weakness, new difficulty speaking, loss of consciousness or a rapidly worsening severe headache. Urgent assessment is also needed for repeated vomiting with increasing drowsiness or confusion.

Which brain functions are close to the tumour? Is biopsy or removal recommended, and what are the aims and functional risks? Which molecular findings define the diagnosis, and how will follow-up scans be compared?