What should you know about different kidney stones?

Most stones are made from calcium compounds. Others contain uric acid, struvite or cystine. The type can be influenced by urine chemistry, infection, inherited conditions, diet and dehydration. A stone may stay in the kidney without symptoms or move into the ureter, causing waves of flank pain that can spread towards the groin. Abdominal pain, painful urination, blood in the urine, nausea or difficulty passing urine may occur.

Symptoms do not show the stone’s composition. If a stone is passed, collecting it for analysis can help guide prevention. Imaging helps clinicians assess its position and whether urine is blocked.

Arrange a GP consultation for severe, recurring or unexplained flank pain, urinary symptoms or blood in the urine. An abdominal ultrasound may help identify a stone or swelling, although another scan may be needed in some situations. Drink fluids as advised by a clinician; forcing large amounts during severe pain or vomiting is not suitable for everyone.

Follow prescribed pain relief and keep any passed stone for testing. Prevention depends on the stone type and may involve fluid habits, dietary changes or treatment of an underlying condition. Do not start major dietary restrictions without guidance.

Seek urgent care for fever or chills with flank pain, inability to pass urine, persistent vomiting, severe pain that is not settling, faintness or feeling very unwell. A blocked urinary system with infection can deteriorate quickly. Dehydration signs such as very little urine, marked dizziness or inability to keep fluids down also need prompt attention.

Ask whether imaging is needed, whether the stone is obstructing urine, how to manage pain, whether a passed stone should be analysed, and which fluid or dietary changes fit your stone type and medical history.