Cough, headache and sore throat: what to know

A virus can inflame the nose, throat, and airways while fever, poor sleep, or dehydration contributes to headache. Common cold, influenza, and COVID-19 can share this pattern. Allergic rhinitis may cause throat irritation from nasal drainage, usually without the same sudden unwell feeling as an infection. Acid reflux can irritate the throat and provoke cough, particularly after eating or lying down. Strep throat and tonsillitis can cause marked throat pain and swallowing difficulty; cough is less typical of some throat-only illnesses. Glandular fever may bring pronounced tiredness and swollen glands. Symptoms alone cannot identify the cause.

Rest, drink regularly, and choose warm or cool fluids according to what soothes your throat. Saline nasal spray or gentle rinsing may help nasal congestion. Use medicines only as directed on the label and check with a pharmacist if you are pregnant, have a long-term condition, or take other medicines. Avoid smoking and sharing cups or utensils while you are unwell. Consider a COVID-19 test when appropriate to local guidance, especially after exposure or with fever and respiratory symptoms.

Get urgent help for trouble breathing, inability to swallow liquids, drooling, a muffled voice, severe one-sided throat swelling, confusion, fainting, or a severe headache with a stiff neck. Arrange medical review when symptoms are worsening, dehydration prevents normal drinking, fever persists, or the sore throat is severe and does not begin to settle.

Ask whether an examination or throat test is needed, which pain or fever medicine is suitable for you, and how long you should avoid close contact. Tell the clinician about fever, swollen glands, rash, recent travel, and known exposure to infection.