Cold and runny nose: what to know

A viral common cold can make the nose produce clear or cloudy mucus, often with sneezing, sore throat, cough or tiredness. Influenza tends to cause a more abrupt illness with marked fatigue, fever or body aches. COVID-19 can also cause a runny nose and other respiratory symptoms. Allergic rhinitis, pet allergy and house dust mite allergy often bring repeated sneezing, itchy eyes or symptoms linked to a place or exposure rather than a short infection. Sinusitis may cause facial pressure, blocked breathing and thicker discharge, especially when symptoms persist or worsen after initial improvement. A runny nose is a symptom, not proof of one particular condition.

Rest, drink regularly and use tissues gently to protect the skin around the nostrils. Saline spray or rinsing may loosen mucus; use clean equipment and safe water. Wash hands, cover coughs and avoid close contact when fever or active respiratory symptoms are present. A pharmacist can advise on suitable medicines, especially for children, pregnancy, high blood pressure or regular prescriptions. Avoid using decongestant nasal sprays longer than the label allows, because overuse can worsen blockage.

Seek urgent help for severe breathing difficulty, swelling around the eyes, confusion, a stiff neck, or sudden weakness. Arrange medical advice if symptoms are severe, last longer than expected, repeatedly return, or include persistent facial pain, high fever, one-sided foul-smelling discharge, dehydration or breathing problems. Consider testing and local guidance if a runny nose occurs with symptoms that could indicate COVID-19 or influenza, particularly after contact with someone unwell.

Does the timing suggest a cold, allergy, influenza, COVID-19 or sinusitis? Would saline care or another treatment suit me? How long should I expect symptoms to last? Which warning signs mean I need prompt review?