Can multiple myeloma cause spinal cord compression?

Pressure may affect the spinal cord or the bundle of nerves below it. This is an oncological emergency because delay can allow nerve damage and loss of function to progress.

Myeloma can weaken the bones of the spine or form a mass near the spinal canal. A damaged vertebra may become unstable or collapse, narrowing the space around nervous tissue.

Warning symptoms include new or worsening back or neck pain, pain spreading around the chest or abdomen, pain shooting into a limb, numbness, pins and needles, limb weakness or unsteady walking. Bladder or bowel changes can appear when nerve pressure is advanced.

Call your oncology or haematology emergency number immediately and say that you have multiple myeloma with possible spinal cord compression. If you cannot reach the team quickly, go to an emergency department. Do not wait to see whether weakness or altered sensation settles.

Assessment commonly includes a neurological examination and urgent imaging of the spine, usually MRI. Treatment depends on the site, spinal stability and your overall situation; it may involve a steroid prescribed by clinicians, radiotherapy, surgery, myeloma treatment and pain relief.

Get emergency help now for new leg or arm weakness, difficulty standing or walking, numbness around the buttocks or genitals, loss of bladder or bowel control, inability to pass urine, or rapidly worsening spinal pain. Until assessed, avoid movements that sharply increase pain and follow the emergency team's instructions about staying still or moving.

Ask whether your scans show weakened vertebrae, which pain pattern should prompt an immediate call, whom to contact outside clinic hours, and whether you need guidance about lifting, exercise or movement.