What should you know about bacteria for cholera?

Vibrio cholerae is usually acquired by swallowing contaminated water or food. In the small intestine, it releases a toxin that makes the bowel move water and salts into the gut. The resulting diarrhoea can be very watery and may lead to dehydration, thirst, dizziness, muscle cramps, little urine, or unusual sleepiness. The illness is treated as a medical concern because fluid loss can progress quickly; the appearance of diarrhoea alone does not establish cholera.

Start frequent sips of a correctly prepared oral rehydration solution while arranging medical assessment. Continue breastfeeding or usual feeding when possible, and avoid preparing food for other people until a clinician gives advice. Do not rely on soft drinks or take antibiotics without assessment. A clinician may test a stool sample and decide whether antibiotics are appropriate. Severe dehydration may require IV fluid therapy in a healthcare setting.

Seek urgent medical care for profuse watery diarrhoea, repeated vomiting, faintness, confusion, marked weakness, a very dry mouth, sunken eyes, or much less urine. Children, older adults, pregnant people, and anyone with a long-term illness can become dehydrated quickly. Call emergency services if the person is difficult to wake, collapses, or cannot drink.

Ask whether testing is needed, which rehydration solution to use, how to monitor urine and alertness, and whether household contacts need advice about safe water and food handling.