Acute nasopharyngitis (common cold): what to know

Typical effects include a blocked or runny nose, sneezing, a scratchy throat and cough. Most episodes can be managed with rest, fluids and simple symptom relief, but breathing difficulty or a marked decline needs prompt assessment.

The infection irritates the lining of the nose and upper throat. Mucus, swelling and postnasal drip can cause congestion, throat discomfort and coughing. A cold is caused by a virus, so antibiotics do not treat the infection itself.

Symptoms often change as the illness runs its course. Nasal discharge may become thicker or change colour without automatically indicating a bacterial infection. A lingering cough can reflect continued irritation after other symptoms ease.

Drink according to thirst, rest as needed and use saline nasal spray or drops to loosen secretions. Warm drinks may soothe the throat. A pharmacist can help you choose pain relief or a decongestant that fits your age, health conditions and current medicines.

Check combination cold products carefully so you do not take the same ingredient twice. People with high blood pressure, heart disease, glaucoma, prostate problems, pregnancy or breastfeeding should seek tailored advice before using decongestants. Reduce spread by washing hands, covering coughs and avoiding shared cups.

Get urgent help for severe trouble breathing, blue or grey lips, confusion, collapse, chest pain, or a child who is unusually difficult to wake. A harsh barking cough with noisy breathing also warrants prompt assessment.

Arrange a clinical review if symptoms are worsening instead of settling, fever persists or returns after improvement, fluids are hard to keep down, urine output falls, ear pain is significant, or facial pain becomes severe. Seek advice sooner for a young baby, a frail older adult, or anyone with weakened immunity or serious lung disease.

You could ask whether your pattern fits an uncomplicated cold, which medicines are compatible with your other treatments, and what specific change should trigger another review. Mention asthma or other lung disease, immune suppression, pregnancy, recent travel and the exact products already taken.