Sun Spots

Sun spots, also called solar lentigines, age spots or liver spots, are flat areas of increased pigment. They develop when repeated ultraviolet exposure changes pigment-producing activity in the skin. Sun spots are flat brown patches caused by long-term ultraviolet exposure and commonly appear on frequently exposed skin. They are usually cosmetic, but a new or changing pigmented mark still deserves a professional look.

A sun spot is commonly a tan, brown or darker flat patch with a clear edge. It may be round, oval or irregular, and nearby patches may merge into a larger area. Sun spots usually do not itch, hurt, crust or bleed. Dark patches on skin and uneven skin tone can have many causes, so colour alone cannot identify a sun spot.

Ultraviolet radiation stimulates pigment production and can leave pigment unevenly distributed in the skin. The effect accumulates over time, including from everyday outdoor exposure. Sun spots are part of the broader pattern of sun-damaged skin, but other pigment conditions can look similar. A clinician may examine a mark before any cosmetic procedure is planned.

Existing spots may become more noticeable after further sun exposure and can darken during periods when the skin produces more pigment. They may remain flat and stable, while new spots appear on other exposed areas. A mark that becomes raised, develops several colours, changes its border, crusts, bleeds or grows should be assessed rather than assumed to be a sun spot.

Frequent sun exposure, outdoor activities, tanning devices, a history of sunburn and increasing age all add to cumulative ultraviolet exposure. Sun spots can occur in any skin tone, although their colour and visibility vary. Previous sun damage can also show as fine lines, rough texture and other uneven pigmentation.

A dermatologist reviews when the mark appeared, whether it has changed and where sun exposure occurs. Visual examination and dermoscopy can help distinguish a flat lentigo from other pigmented lesions. If the pattern is uncertain or concerning, the clinician may recommend a biopsy before treatment. Do not apply a lightening procedure to an unexplained changing mark without assessment.

Stable sun spots may be treated for cosmetic reasons after diagnosis. IPL photofacial and picosecond laser treatment use light energy in different ways to target pigment. A chemical peel uses a selected exfoliating solution to refresh the surface. Cryotherapy lesion removal uses controlled cold for a selected spot. Suitability depends on skin tone, the number and location of spots, recent tanning, pigment sensitivity and the diagnosis.

Sun spots are often harmless and may not need treatment. Gentle skincare and daily sun protection can reduce contrast between treated and untreated areas. After a procedure, follow instructions about cleansing, moisturising and avoiding extra sun exposure. Pigment can recur or new spots can form when exposed skin continues to receive ultraviolet radiation.

Procedures can cause temporary redness, swelling, sensitivity, crusting or colour changes. Darkening or lightening may be more noticeable in some skin tones, especially after inflammation or sun exposure. Treating the wrong lesion can delay diagnosis. Seek review for a spot that changes, bleeds, becomes painful or develops a raised or crusted surface.

Use shade, a hat, protective clothing and broad-spectrum sunscreen on exposed skin. Reapply as directed and take extra care near reflective surfaces or during outdoor activities. Avoid tanning devices. These measures help limit new pigment changes and protect skin after a cosmetic treatment.

A dermatologist can confirm whether a flat brown mark is consistent with a sun spot before treatment. Look for a clinician who can examine pigmented lesions, discuss options for your skin tone and provide aftercare. Bring a record of recent tanning, previous reactions to peels or lasers, and any change you have noticed.