What happens if thalassaemia is not treated?

Thalassaemia affects how the body makes haemoglobin, the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen. Low haemoglobin may cause fatigue, pale skin, breathlessness or a fast heartbeat. More severe forms can lead to changes in bone growth, an enlarged spleen and extra work for the heart. Some people have thalassaemia trait and need monitoring rather than regular treatment, so the effect depends on the inherited type and blood results.

Arrange a clinical assessment if thalassaemia is suspected or known but has not been reviewed. A blood test can check haemoglobin and red-cell features, while further testing may clarify the type. Do not start iron supplements just because you feel tired; iron is helpful for iron deficiency but can be harmful when it accumulates in some forms of thalassaemia. Discuss family planning and premarital screening if an inherited blood condition may affect a partner or future child.

Seek urgent medical help for severe breathlessness, chest pain, fainting, a racing heartbeat with weakness, or unusual confusion. Arrange prompt review for increasing fatigue, worsening paleness, yellowing of the skin, abdominal swelling or reduced exercise tolerance.

Ask which type of thalassaemia you have, whether your haemoglobin needs regular monitoring, and whether your symptoms fit anaemia or another cause. Ask whether you need specialist follow-up, genetic counselling, or checks for iron levels and organ health.