What causes flaky scalp?

Dandruff commonly produces loose white or grey flakes with itch, while seborrheic dermatitis may add greasy scale and redness around the scalp, ears, eyebrows, or nose. Scalp psoriasis can create thicker, sharply defined plaques that extend beyond the hairline. A new dye, oil, fragrance, or styling product may trigger contact irritation. Scalp ringworm is an infection that can cause scaling, broken hairs, tenderness, or patchy hair loss. Dry air and frequent washing can worsen flaking without being the main disease.

Do not scratch or scrape scale, since broken skin can become sore or infected. Note whether flakes are oily or dry, and whether there is redness, pain, hair loss, or a recent product change. A pharmacist or clinician may suggest a medicated shampoo treatment suited to the likely cause; follow its directions and allow the product enough contact time. Avoid sharing combs, brushes, hats, or towels if infection is possible.

Book a dermatology review when flaking persists despite appropriate self-care, repeatedly returns, or affects sleep. Seek prompt care for painful swelling, pus, spreading redness, fever, tender neck glands, or patches of hair loss. A child with scalp scale and broken hairs should be assessed because scalp ringworm may need prescription treatment and can spread to others.

Does the scale look more like dandruff, psoriasis, dermatitis, or infection? Should I change my shampoo or stop a styling product? How long should I try treatment, and what signs would mean I need testing or prescription medicine?