What causes persistent bloating?

Bloating may feel like fullness, pressure or visible abdominal swelling. Constipation, swallowing air, changes in gut movement and intolerance to particular foods are common explanations. Symptoms that follow the menstrual cycle may reflect hormonal changes. Ovarian cysts and Uterine Fibroids can create pressure or fullness in the pelvis. Ovarian Cancer can also present with persistent bloating, particularly when it is new, frequent or accompanied by reduced appetite, pelvic discomfort or changes in urination. These symptoms overlap with many non-cancerous conditions, so bloating alone does not identify its cause.

Track when bloating occurs, what you eat, bowel habits, menstrual timing, pain, appetite and urinary symptoms. Regular fluids, gentle movement and addressing constipation may help, but avoid restrictive diets without professional guidance. Book an assessment if the symptom is new, persistent, worsening or interfering with eating or daily life. A clinician may examine your abdomen and pelvis and decide whether blood tests or imaging are appropriate.

Seek urgent care for severe or rapidly increasing abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, inability to pass stool or gas, a very swollen abdomen, faintness, fever or blood in stool. Arrange prompt medical review for persistent bloating with unexplained weight loss, early fullness, pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding or a new change in bowel or bladder habits.

What features of my bloating suggest a digestive, hormonal, ovarian or uterine cause? Do I need an abdominal or pelvic examination? Which changes should I monitor while waiting for review?