What are the risk factors for chronic kidney disease?

The kidneys filter waste and help regulate fluid, minerals and blood pressure. Long-term high blood sugar in [Type 2 Diabetes](/conditions/type-2-diabetes/) and ongoing high blood pressure can gradually injure the small blood vessels and filtering units in the kidneys. Heart disease, smoking, excess weight, a family history, older age and previous kidney injury can add to risk. Early kidney disease may cause few noticeable symptoms, so feeling well does not rule it out.

If you have diabetes or [Hypertension](/conditions/hypertension/), attend regular reviews and take treatment as prescribed. Ask whether you need blood and urine checks for kidney function and protein leakage. Avoid smoking, stay active within your abilities, and choose food with less salt while keeping fluid intake appropriate for your health. Tell clinicians about kidney problems before using pain medicines or supplements, because some products can stress the kidneys. Do not change prescribed treatment without medical advice.

Book an appointment if you have persistent swelling around the ankles or eyes, changes in urination, unusual tiredness, itchy skin, nausea, or difficult-to-control blood pressure. Seek urgent care for very little urine, severe breathlessness, confusion, chest pain, or sudden swelling. These symptoms can have other causes, but they should not be ignored. Learn more about [Chronic Kidney Disease](/conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/).

How do diabetes or blood pressure affect my kidneys? Which blood and urine results should I monitor? Are my medicines and supplements kidney-safe? How often should I repeat my checks?