Types of pneumonia

Bacterial and viral pneumonia are common categories; fungal and aspiration pneumonia are other possibilities in particular settings. Community-acquired pneumonia begins outside a healthcare facility, while healthcare-associated infection may involve different organisms and resistance concerns. Lobar pneumonia affects a larger continuous area, whereas bronchopneumonia can involve patchy areas. Symptoms may include cough, fever, chills, breathlessness, chest discomfort, tiredness or coughing up phlegm, but the pattern is not identical for everyone. COVID-19 and influenza can cause lung infection or occur alongside it.

Arrange medical assessment when pneumonia is suspected. A clinician may listen to your chest, check oxygen levels and decide whether imaging or other tests are needed. Treatment depends on the likely cause and severity; antibiotics help bacterial infection but do not treat viruses. Rest, fluids and prescribed medicines can support recovery, while people with breathing problems or other health conditions may need closer monitoring. Avoid smoking and follow instructions about returning to normal activity.

Seek urgent help for severe breathlessness, blue or grey lips, confusion, fainting, chest pain, inability to keep fluids down or rapidly worsening weakness. A persistent high fever, new confusion or very fast breathing can signal a serious infection, including sepsis. Older adults, babies and people with weakened immunity may need assessment even when symptoms are less typical.

What cause or type is most likely? Do I need a chest X-ray or oxygen check? Which treatment should I take, and what warning signs mean I should return?