Types of breast cancer

Carcinoma in situ remains within a duct or lobule, while invasive cancer has grown into nearby breast tissue. Names such as ductal and lobular describe the starting area. A pathology report also records grade and biomarkers, including oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 status. These findings help predict which treatments may be useful.

A breast lump is a common presentation of breast cancer, but lumps also have benign causes. Imaging and tissue examination are needed to identify the cause. A mammogram, breast MRI or breast biopsy may each answer a different question.

Ask for a plain-language explanation of the pathology report and whether lymph nodes were checked. A sentinel lymph node biopsy can assess the first draining nodes. Gene-expression testing or genomic tumour profiling may be discussed when the result could guide treatment decisions. Keep copies of imaging and pathology results for appointments.

Arrange prompt assessment for a new breast or armpit lump, nipple inversion, bloody discharge, skin dimpling, or a persistent change in breast shape. Seek urgent help for rapidly worsening swelling with fever or severe pain. These signs do not establish cancer, but changes that persist should be examined.

Is my cancer in situ or invasive? What are its grade, receptor results and HER2 status? Were lymph nodes sampled? Would a breast MRI or gene-expression test change my treatment plan?