How to relieve a headache

Headache pain can come from tight muscles around the scalp, neck or shoulders, dehydration, hunger, bright light, disrupted sleep, stress, heat or an infection. Congestion from a common cold, allergic rhinitis or chronic sinusitis may create pressure around the face. A headache is a symptom, so its pattern matters: note where it hurts, how quickly it began, associated fever or nausea, and whether movement, light or sound changes it. A new pattern deserves medical advice even when the pain is not severe.

Take a break from screens and rest somewhere cool and quiet. Sip water and have a light meal or snack if you have gone without food. Gentle neck and shoulder movement may help tension, but stop if it increases pain. A cool cloth on the forehead can be soothing. Follow the label or a clinician’s instructions for any pain reliever, and check before combining products because some contain the same ingredient. Avoid using headache medicines repeatedly without advice, as frequent use can keep headaches going. Keep a brief record of triggers, timing and what helped.

Seek emergency care for a sudden, very severe headache, new weakness or numbness, trouble speaking, confusion, fainting, seizure, a stiff neck with fever, or a headache after a significant head injury. Get prompt medical advice for a new headache with persistent vomiting, vision changes, high fever, a spreading rash, or marked sensitivity to light. In a hot environment, headache with heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness or nausea may indicate heat exhaustion. A severe headache with fever and body aches after mosquito exposure needs assessment for dengue fever.

Ask what pattern your symptoms suggest, which pain reliever fits your health conditions and current medicines, and how often it is safe for you to use it. Tell the clinician about pregnancy, high blood pressure, kidney or liver problems, recent travel, heat exposure and any neurological symptoms. Ask whether you need an examination or further testing if headaches recur.