After a seizure: what should you know?

After convulsions stop, someone may be sleepy, confused, weak, headachy or have muscle soreness. They may not remember the event. Stay nearby and speak calmly; confusion should gradually improve. Record what happened, including movements, breathing, possible triggers, injuries and recovery time, because these details help a clinician assess the event.

A seizure can have different causes, including low blood glucose, meningitis, alcohol withdrawal or another neurological problem. One episode does not establish the cause, so medical review is important, especially when the event is new.

Place the person on their side if they are breathing, loosen tight clothing around the neck and remove nearby hazards. Do not restrain them, put anything in their mouth, give food or drink while they are drowsy, or try to wake them forcefully. Once fully alert, offer reassurance and small sips if swallowing is normal.

Call emergency services if the seizure continues, repeats without recovery, causes serious injury, affects breathing, occurs in water, happens during pregnancy or is a first known seizure. Urgent assessment is also needed for fever with severe headache or stiff neck, persistent confusion, weakness on one side or suspected poisoning.

Ask whether you need tests, driving or work restrictions, a seizure plan, medication review, and guidance for people who may be with you if another episode occurs.