What should you know about osteoporosis after menopause?

Osteoporosis is a condition in which bone becomes less dense and its internal structure becomes more fragile. After menopause, lower oestrogen can accelerate bone loss for some women. The condition often has no warning symptom; a fracture, gradual loss of height or a curved upper back may be the first clue. A clinician considers medical history, previous fractures, medicines, falls and other causes of bone loss.

A hip fracture, vertebral compression fracture or stress fracture can be related to weakened bone, but each has its own features and needs assessment. Vitamin D deficiency can also affect bone health and may need investigation. A bone-density scan helps measure bone density, while the overall treatment decision includes more than one result.

Book a clinical review for a personalised fracture-prevention plan. Ask whether a [Bone Density Scan](/treatments/diagnostics-and-screening/bone-density-scan/) is suitable and review medicines that may affect bone. Choose strength, weight-bearing and balance activity appropriate to your ability. Improve lighting, remove loose rugs and use handrails where needed to reduce falls. Include calcium-rich foods, adequate protein and safe vitamin D sources in your routine.

Depending on your risk and scan findings, treatment may include [Bisphosphonate Therapy](/treatments/non-surgical-orthopedics/bisphosphonate-therapy/), [Calcium Supplementation](/treatments/non-surgical-orthopedics/calcium-supplementation/), or [Vitamin D Supplementation](/treatments/medical-management/vitamin-d-supplementation/). Supplements should be selected with a clinician, especially with kidney disease or other medicines.

Seek prompt assessment after a fall or sudden pain in the back, hip, wrist or ribs. Urgent care is needed if you cannot stand or walk, a limb looks deformed, pain is severe, or new weakness, numbness or loss of bladder or bowel control accompanies back pain. A clinician can assess for a [Hip Fracture](/conditions/hip-fracture/) or [Vertebral Compression Fracture](/conditions/vertebral-compression-fracture/).

Ask what caused or contributed to bone loss, whether you need a scan or blood tests, which activity is safe, whether treatment is recommended, and how follow-up will be monitored. Ask how vitamin D status and calcium intake fit your plan.