What should you know about headache?

Headache may feel like pressure, tightness, throbbing or pain on one or both sides. Dehydration, missed meals, poor sleep, eye strain, muscle tension, viral illness, allergies and stress can contribute. A common cold or COVID-19 may bring headache with respiratory symptoms; allergic rhinitis may cause facial pressure. Chronic sinusitis can cause persistent nasal symptoms and facial discomfort. Dengue fever may include headache with fever and marked body aches. Generalised anxiety disorder can occur with muscle tension and headaches. These associations do not diagnose the cause from headache alone.

Rest in a quiet, comfortably lit room, drink water and eat if you have missed a meal. Gentle neck and shoulder movement may help tension. Keep a diary of timing, location, severity, sleep, food, fluids, medicines and associated symptoms. Use pain medicine only as directed on its label or by a clinician, and avoid repeatedly taking it without review if headaches keep returning.

Call emergency services for a sudden severe headache, headache after a significant head injury, new weakness, facial drooping, trouble speaking, seizure, collapse, confusion, stiff neck or new vision loss. Seek prompt assessment for headache with high fever, repeated vomiting, unusual rash, severe eye pain, pregnancy, cancer, immune suppression or a new pattern. Arrange a review when headaches are frequent, worsening or changing your usual activities.

What pattern does my headache suggest? Could dehydration, infection, vision, sleep or medicines be contributing? Which pain relief is suitable for me? Do I need an examination or further tests?