What should you know about highly pathogenic avian influenza?

This is a form of influenza caused by virus strains that spread efficiently among birds. Human infection is uncommon, but exposure can occur while handling sick or dead birds, poultry, or contaminated surfaces. Symptoms may include fever, chills, cough, headache, fatigue and feeling generally unwell. Some infections can affect the lungs and lead to pneumonia.

The symptoms can overlap with ordinary influenza, so symptoms alone cannot identify the virus. Recent contact with birds, poultry, animal markets or a known affected setting is important information for a clinician.

Avoid touching sick or dead birds and do not handle feathers, droppings or contaminated equipment without appropriate protection. Wash hands thoroughly after any contact and avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. If exposure has occurred, contact a medical service promptly and explain when it happened, what animal or material was involved, and whether symptoms have started.

Until you receive advice, limit close contact with other people if you develop respiratory symptoms, cover coughs and sneezes, and follow local public-health instructions. Do not start leftover antiviral or antibiotic medicine without professional advice.

Seek urgent medical help for trouble breathing, chest pain, blue or grey lips, new confusion, severe weakness, inability to keep fluids down, or rapidly worsening illness. Arrange prompt assessment for fever or cough after a relevant bird exposure, even if symptoms seem mild. Tell the service about the exposure before arriving so suitable infection-control steps can be arranged.

Ask which tests are appropriate, whether you should monitor your temperature or breathing, how long to avoid close contact, and whether anyone in your household needs advice. Mention pregnancy, long-term medical conditions, immune problems and all medicines you take.