Causes of Vulvar Melanoma

Unlike many melanomas on sun-exposed skin, vulvar melanoma is not usually explained by sunlight alone. It begins in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment, and can arise on vulvar skin or mucosal tissue. Older age, a personal history of melanoma, and changes in pigment cells may be relevant, but a person can develop it without an obvious risk factor. A dark patch, new pigmented spot, lump, bleeding area, or persistent itch can have several causes, so appearance alone cannot confirm melanoma.

Arrange a dermatology or gynaecology assessment for a new or changing vulvar mark. The clinician may inspect the area closely and recommend a biopsy, in which a small tissue sample is examined to identify the cell type. If melanoma is confirmed, assessment may include checking nearby lymph nodes and planning removal with an appropriate margin. Learn about [Melanoma](/conditions/melanoma/) and [Surgical Excision](/treatments/surgical-dermatology/excisional-surgery/) before the appointment.

Seek prompt medical review for a vulvar lesion that is enlarging, developing uneven colour or edges, becoming raised, bleeding, crusting, or causing persistent itch or soreness. Seek urgent help for heavy bleeding, rapidly increasing swelling, severe pain, fever, or difficulty passing urine. These signs do not establish cancer, but they should not be watched indefinitely.

Ask whether the change needs a biopsy, which specialist will perform it, when results should be available, and whether lymph-node assessment such as [Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy](/treatments/diagnostics-and-staging/sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy/) is relevant. If treatment is needed, ask how [Skin Cancer Surgery](/treatments/surgical-dermatology/skin-cancer-surgery/) or [Immunotherapy](/treatments/systemic-therapy/immunotherapy/) fits your diagnosis.