Asthma explained in plain English

The breathing tubes become sensitive, swollen and narrow at times. Muscles around them may tighten, and extra mucus can further restrict airflow. Symptoms can settle between episodes, but the underlying sensitivity may remain.

Asthma commonly presents with a whistling sound when breathing, a dry or persistent cough, pressure across the chest, or breathlessness. Symptoms may appear after exercise, during the night, with viral illness, or after exposure to smoke, dust, strong scents or allergens.

A clinician considers the symptom pattern, examination and breathing tests where suitable. Other conditions can cause similar complaints, so wheezing or cough alone does not establish the diagnosis.

Use inhalers exactly as prescribed and have the technique checked, because poor positioning or timing can prevent medicine from reaching the lungs. A reliever opens tightened airways, while a preventer is used regularly to reduce airway swelling when prescribed.

Follow your written asthma action plan, notice personal triggers and keep medicines available as directed. Arrange a review if symptoms wake you, limit normal activity or require the reliever more often than your plan allows.

Seek emergency help for severe breathlessness, difficulty speaking in full sentences, bluish or grey lips, confusion, marked exhaustion, or rapid worsening. Follow the emergency steps in the asthma action plan while help is arranged. If the prescribed reliever is not helping as expected, do not delay urgent assessment.

Ask which inhaler is for daily prevention and which is for sudden symptoms, then demonstrate your technique. Clarify your likely triggers, the signs that control is worsening, and the exact actions your written plan recommends during a flare.